英语介绍阿司匹林作用口语化一些 简单介绍就行 主要是历史和用途

英语介绍阿司匹林作用口语化一些 简单介绍就行 主要是历史和用途
英语介绍阿司匹林作用
口语化一些 简单介绍就行 主要是历史和用途

英语介绍阿司匹林作用口语化一些 简单介绍就行 主要是历史和用途
What Is Aspirin? What Is Aspirin For?

Aspirin, or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is a salicylate drug, and
is generally used as an analgesic (something that relieves pain without
producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness) for minor aches and
pains, to reduce fever (an antipyretic), and also as an anti-inflammatory drug.
Aspirin has also become increasingly popular as an antiplatelet - used
to prevent blood clot formation - in long-term low doses to prevent heart attacks and strokes
in high risk patients. Nowadays, aspirin is often given to patients
immediately after a heart attack to prevent recurrence or cardiac tissue
death.
Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID). NSAIDs are medications with analgesic, antipyretic (something
that reduces a fever), and in higher doses anti-inflammatory effects.
Non-steroidal means they are not steroids, which often have similar
effects. As analgesics, NSAIDs are generally non-narcotic (do not cause
insensibility or stupor). The most prominent NSAIDs are aspirin,
ibuprofen and naproxen - mainly because most of them are OTC
(over-the-counter, no prescription required) medications. Aspirin was
the first discovered NSAID.
Aspirin in its present form has been around for over 100 years and is
still one of the most widely used medications in the world. It is
estimated that approximately 40,000 metric tons of it is consumed
annually. Aspirin is a trademark owned by German pharmaceutical company Bayer; the generic term is acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).
A short history of aspirin
Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is a derivative of salicylate, which can be found in such plants as willow trees and myrtle.
ca. 3000 BC - An ancient Sumer stone tablet from the
Third Dynasty of Ur of medical text mentions willow-tree based remedies.
However, it does not specify what the remedies were for. Sumer was a
civilization and a historical region located in Mesopotamia, southern
Iraq, known as the "Cradle of civilization".
ca. 1543 BC - The Ebers Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian
medical text, mentions willow and myrtle being used for remedies to
treat pain, fever and inflammation. Some say that although the text is ancient it may be a copy of the original.
ca. 460-370 BC - Hippocrates, a Greek physician, recommended willow bark preparations for childbirth pains and controlling fever.
ca. 30 AD - Aulus Cornelius Celsus, an encyclopedist,
mentioned willow leaf extract for "redness, heat, swelling and pain" -
what he termed as "the four signs of inflammation" in his De Medicina, believed to be the only surviving section of a much larger encyclopedia.
ca. 40-90 AD - Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, mentioned remedies from the willow plant in his De Materia Medica (Regarding Medical Matters), a five-volume book that was translated into Latin (he wrote the original in Greek).
23-79 AD - Gaius Plinius Secundus (known as Piny the Elder), a
naturalist, author and naval commander in the early Roman Empire,
mentioned willow plant remedies in an encyclopedic work called Naturalis Historia (Natural History).
200 AD - remedies derived from the willow plant were widely used throughout the Roman Empire and Arab civilizations.
Before 1492 - Before the Europeans ever set foot in America,
the Huron, Mohawk, Cree, Chippewa and many other north American tribes
had been using the bark and twigs of the American White Willow to make
remedies and teas for the treatment of pain relief, inflammation and
fevers. Ancient Aztec and Mayan folklore in Mexico and Central America
mention the use of 'sauce' (willow) for similar treatments.
1763 - Edward Stone, England, a Church of England rector wrote a letter to the Royal Society
which described some of his experiments with willow bark extract to
cure ague - a word used to describe intermittent fever, pain, chills
fatigue; probably malaria.
He compared the effects of willow bark to Peruvian bark, which contains
quinine (and attacks the infectious cause of malaria). He noticed that
the willow bark relieved symptoms of ague, while the Peruvian bark was
more effective. He had discovered salicylic acid, the active ingredient
in aspirin. Willow bark derived remedies subsequently became much more
popular in England than the more expensive Peruvian bark.
1800s - Organic chemistry began to develop rapidly in Europe.
Several scientists tried to isolate and purify the active ingredients
of many medications, including willow bark.
1828 - Joseph Buchner, a German chemist, managed to obtain what were then considered as fairly pure salicin crystals.
1829 - Henri Leroux, a French chemist obtained purer forms.
1830 - Johann Pagenstecher, a Swiss pharmacist, said he had
discovered a new painkiller which he had isolated from the common remedy
of meadowsweet Spiraea ulmaria, which we know today contained salicylic acid, flavone-glycosides, essential oils and tannins.
1838 - Raffaele Piria, an Italian chemist, managed to devise a
way of obtaining a more powerful acid form of willow extract, which he
called salicylic acid. Karl Jacob Lowig, who was trying to isolate the active ingredients in Spiraea, eventually found out that it was the same salicylic acid that Piria had identified.
1840-1894 - During this period various forms of salicylate
medicines, including salicin, salicylic acid, and sodium salicylate
became more widely used by doctors for the treatment of pain, fever and
inflammation. However, their gastric irritation side effects were
considerable.
1890 - Friedrich Carl Duisberg, a German chemist and
industrialist became head of the management of Bayer, a large German
company. He created a pharmaceutical division within the company and
placed Arthur Eichengrun, a former university chemist in charge.
Heinrich Dreser was placed in charge of a pharmacology group for testing
new drugs.
1894 - Felix Hoffman, a German chemist, joined Bayer's
pharmaceutical group. These three men, Dreser, Eichengrun and Hoffman,
were to become key players in the development of acetylsalicylic acid as
Aspirin.
1897 - Hoffman's boss, Eichengrun, assigned him to find a
substitute for salicylic acid; one that did not irritate the stomach so
much. Hoffman eventually found the best way of making acetylsalicylic
acid (ASA), from salicylic acid refluxed with acetic anhydride (reflux =
to boil a liquid in a vessel attached to a condenser so that the vapors
continuously condense for reboiling). The ASA was sent to the
pharmacology group for testing, and initial results were good. However,
the ASA did not proceed to clinical trials because Dreser was concerned
about salicylic acid's effect on weakening the heart - probably because
of the doses given to patients with rheumatism. Hoffman had progressed
in developing diacetylmorphine, which became Dreser's focus for
development - this eventually led to the invention and branding of heroin.
Eichengrun, annoyed with Dreser's reluctance, wanted to pursue clinical
trials with ASA, so he approached Felix Golgmann, Bayer's Berlin
representative, and arranged for surreptitious clinical trials. The
trials gave good results, without the hitherto complications that
occurred with salicylic acid. Dreser still objected, but big boss
Duisberg ordered full testing.
Eventually, Dreser accepted that ASA had great potential and Bayer proceeded with production.
Dreser wrote a report about the findings, but did not mention Hoffman or
Eichengrun in it. For many years Dreser said Hoffman was the sole
discoverer of Aspirin.
Arthur Eichengrun died in December 1949. Earlier in that year he wrote an article Fifty Years of Aspirin
in which he said that Hoffman did not know the purpose of his research
and that Hoffmann's role was restricted to the initial lab synthesis
using Eichengrun's process and nothing more.
Controversy continued for many decades, and still does so to a certain
extent today, as to who was primarily responsible for aspirin's
development. According to Bayer today, it was Hoffman. Some historians
agree while others don't. Eichengrun went on to hold 47 patents for
various inventions. However, he never disputed aspirin's claim to
priority until half a century later, even though he had ample
opportunity to do so.
1915 - Aspirin became available as an OTC (over-the-counter, no prescription required) medication in tablet form.
1920s - Aspirin became a commonly used medication for the treatment of neuralgia, lumbago and rheumatism.
1948 - A Californian GP (general practitioner, primary care
physician) reported that many of his patients who regularly took aspirin
had significantly lower rates of heart attacks.
1952 - Chewable Aspirin became available.
1969 - Apollo Moon astronauts had Aspirin included in their self-medication kits.
1988 - The FDA (Food and Drug Administration), USA, proposed
use of aspirin for reducing risk of recurrent myocardial infarction,
heart attack, and preventing first myocardial infarction in patients
with unstable angina.
The same agency also approved aspirin use for the prevention of
recurrent mini-strokes (recurrent transient-ischemic attacks) in men, it
also made aspirin standard therapy for men after suffering a stroke.
1988 - A study by Dr. Charles Hennekens and team found that
aspirin dramatically reduces risk of a first myocardial infection.
Hennekens later found the same for cardiovascular disease.
1998 - A major study, The Hypertension Optimal Study, published in The Lancet showed that low dose ASA combined with medication for hypertension significantly reduced the risk of myocardial infarction and major cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension.

Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever, and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease. Lower d...

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Aspirin is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever, and inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease. Lower doses of aspirin have also shown to reduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or the risk of stroke in some circumstances. There is some evidence that aspirin is effective at preventing colorectal cancer, though the mechanisms of this effect are unclear.
下面是历史
A French chemist, Charles Frederic Gerhardt, was the first to prepare acetylsalicylic acid in 1853. In the course of his work on the synthesis and properties of various acid anhydrides, he mixed acetyl chloride with asodium salt of salicylic acid (sodium salicylate). A vigorous reaction ensued, and the resulting melt soon solidified. Since no structural theory existed at that time, Gerhardt called the compound he obtained "salicylic-acetic anhydride" (wasserfreie Salicylsäure-Essigsäure). This preparation of aspirin ("salicylic-acetic anhydride") was one of the many reactions Gerhardt conducted for his paper on anhydrides and he did not pursue it further.
Advertisement for Aspirin, Heroin, Lycetol, and Salophen
Six years later, in 1859, von Gilm obtained analytically pure acetylsalicylic acid (which he called acetylierte Salicylsäure, acetylated salicylic acid) by a reaction of salicylic acid and acetyl chloride. In 1869, Schröder, Prinzhorn and Kraut repeated both Gerhardt's (from sodium salicylate) and von Gilm's (from salicylic acid) syntheses and concluded both reactions gave the same compound—acetylsalicylic acid. They were first to assign to it the correct structure with the acetyl group connected to the phenolic oxygen.
In 1897, chemists working at Bayer AG produced a synthetically altered version ofsalicin, derived from the species Filipendula ulmaria (meadowsweet), which caused less digestive upset than pure salicylic acid. The identity of the lead chemist on this project is a matter of controversy. Bayer states the work was done by Felix Hoffmann, but the Jewish chemist Arthur Eichengrün later claimed he was the lead investigator and records of his contribution were expunged under the Naziregime.The new drug, formally acetylsalicylic acid, was named Aspirin byBayer AG after the old botanical name for meadowsweet, Spiraea ulmaria. By 1899, Bayer was selling it around the world. The name Aspirin is derived from "acetyl" and Spirsäure, an old German name for salicylic acid. The popularity of aspirin grew over the first half of the 20th century, spurred by its supposed effectiveness in the wake of the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918. However, recent research suggests the high death toll of the 1918 flu was partly due to aspirin, as the doses used at times can lead to toxicity, fluid in the lungs, and, in some cases, contribute to secondary bacterial infections and mortality. Aspirin's profitability led to fierce competition and the proliferation of aspirin brands and products, especially after the American patent held by Bayer expired in 1917.
The popularity of aspirin declined after the market releases of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in 1956 andibuprofen in 1969. In the 1960s and 1970s, John Vane and others discovered the basic mechanism of aspirin's effects, while clinical trials and other studies from the 1960s to the 1980s established aspirin's efficacy as an anticlotting agent that reduces the risk of clotting diseases. Aspirin sales revived considerably in the last decades of the 20th century, and remain strong in the 21st century, because of its widespread use as a preventive treatment for heart attacks and strokes.
Trademark
As part of war reparations specified in the 1919 Treaty of Versailles following Germany's surrender after World War I, Aspirin (along with heroin) lost its status as a registered trademark in France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, where it became a generic name. Today, aspirin is a generic word in Australia, France, India, Ireland, New Zealand, Pakistan, Jamaica, Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States. Aspirin, with a capital "A", remains a registered trademark of Bayer in Germany, Canada, Mexico, and in over 80 other countries, where the trademark is owned by Bayer, using acetylsalicylic acid in all markets, but using different packaging and physical aspects for each.

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