动词不定式作各种句子成分时的用法和注意要点,并举例!

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动词不定式作各种句子成分时的用法和注意要点,并举例!

动词不定式作各种句子成分时的用法和注意要点,并举例!
动词不定式作各种句子成分时的用法和注意要点,并举例!

动词不定式作各种句子成分时的用法和注意要点,并举例!
1. 作主语
如:To live is to work.
生活就是工作.
To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长了人的生命.
不定式结构作主语时,现代英语倾向于采用it作形式主语,而把不定式结构后置的形式.如:
It is important for students to study English.
学好英语对学生来说是很重要的.
2.作定语
(1)不定式作定语,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词的后面.如:
I have nothing to say on this question.
对这个问题我无可奉告.
(2)如果不定式是不及物动词,后面就应有必要的介词.如:
Give me a piece of paper to write on.给我一张纸写字.
(3)有些名词常可用不定式作定语.如:
Our teacher had no time to think about rest.
我们老师根本没时间考虑休息一下.
3.作宾语
I wish to be a college student.
我希望成为一名大学生.
有的及物动词要求跟复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语).如果其中的宾语是不定式短语,则必须将形式宾语it放在宾语的位置上,而将不定式短语(真正的宾语)放在宾语补足语之前.如:
I find it useful to learn English well.
我发现学好英语很有用.
4.作宾语补足语
动词不定式作宾语补足语是动词不定式用法的一个重点,学习时要注意以下三种情况.
(1)作动词ask,like,tell等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to不可以省略.如:
He asked me to talk about English study.
他请我谈谈英语学习.
(2)作使役动词let,have,make以及感官动词feel,hear,see,watch等的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to要省略.如:
The teacher made him say the word like this.
老师让他像这样说这个单词.
(3)作动词help的宾语补足语时,动词不定式符号to可以带,也可以不带.如:
Could you help me (to) carry the heavy box?
你能帮我搬这个重箱子吗?
5.作状语
动词不定式及其短语具有副词的特性,可在句中作状语.
(1)作目的状语.如:
He stopped to have a rest.
他停下来休息.
(2)作结果状语.如:
He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒来发现大家都走了.
(3)在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语.如:
I’m sorry to hear your grandma is ill.
听到你奶奶生病真遗憾.
(4)在带有enough或too的句子里作状语,表程度.如:
He is old enough to go to school.
他到了上学年龄了.
(5)强调动词不定式所表示的目的时,动词不定式可用in order to或so as to +动词原形,so as to不用于句首.如:
The bus stopped so as to pick up passengers.
公共汽车停下来以便接乘客.

动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
作主语用的动词不定式常常用it替...

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动词不定式的基本形式是“to+动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式(或不定式短语)没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。动词不定式仍保留动词的特点,即可以有自己的宾语和状语。动词不定式同它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。
动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。
1.作主语
作主语用的动词不定式常常用it替代,动词不定式(或短语)放在后面。例如:
It's easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo.在东京这样的大城市容易迷路。
It is terrible to see the ship sinking into the sea.目睹轮船沉入大海,真是太可怕了。
2.作宾语
Indians like to eat hot food.印度人喜欢吃辣味食品。
They need to look at a map.他们需要查看地图。
有的动词不定式在作带有补足语的宾语时,前面往往带有形式宾语it。例如:
Do you think it necessary for us to learn to wait?你认为学会等待对我们来说很必要吗?
They improved the software to make it easier for people to use computers.他们改进了软件,使人们使用计算机更简便了。
3.作表语
It seems to be an interesting book.它看起来是本有趣的书。
The old man's job is to take care of the flowers in the garden.这位老人的工作是照料花园里的花。
4.作宾语补足语
He told me not to bring you anything.他叫我不要给你带任何东西。
Who taught you to play the music?谁教你弹这支曲子的?
5.作定语
动词不定式作定语时,要放在它所修饰的名词或代词后面。例如:
In my dreams I always have very difficult jobs to do.我在梦里总是做一些艰难的工作。
Every day he made one of the smaller animals bring him something to eat.他每天叫一个小动物给他带来吃的东西。
6.作状语
(1)表示目的
You can hide under my seat when the conductor comes to check the tickets.当列车员来查票时,你可以藏在我的座位下面。
In his third year,he left Harvard to work for a company called Microsoft.在三年级时,他为了去微软公司工作而离开了哈佛大学。
(2)表示结果
动词不定式作状语表示结果时常与副词too或enough连用。例如:
It's too heavy to carry.太重了搬不动。
The Californian ship arrived too late to save more people.加利福尼亚号来得太晚,没能挽救更多的人。
7.和某些形容词连用
和动词不定式经常连用的形容词有sure,ready,happy,sorry,afraid等。例如:
He's very happy to see his wife.他见到妻子非常高兴。
I'm sorry to trouble you.很抱歉打扰你了。
8.和疑问词who,what,when,where,which,how构成不定式短语作宾语。例如:
I don't know how to use a computer.我不知道怎样使用计算机。

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It's good to see you again.动词不定式to see you again做真正的主语,形式主语是it。
To speak is to practise.动词不定式分别做主语和表语。

1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式
afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope      ...

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1 不定式作宾语

1) 动词+ 不定式
afford  aim   appear  agree  arrange  ask   be    decide bother  care  choose   come    dare   demand desire  determine     expect   elect  endeavor     hope       fail  happen  help  hesitate learn  long   mean   manage  offer  ought   plan  prepare pretend   promise refuse seem   tend   wait    wish     undertake
举例: 
 The driver failed to see the other car in time.
   司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
 I happen to know the answer to your question.
   我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2)动词+不定式 ; 动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
 I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
 I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
I want to speak to Tom.  我想和汤姆谈话。
I want you to speak to Tom.  我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3) 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
  Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
  There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
   The question is how to put it into practice.
   问题是怎样把它付诸实施。

2 不定式作补语

1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise   allow   appoint   believe   cause   challenge command  compel   consider  declare   drive   enable  encourage  find    forbid   force   guess   hire    imagine  impel   induce   inform  instruct  invite   judge    know    like   order    permit  persuade  remind   report  request   require  select send    state   suppose   tell    think  train   trust   understand urge    warn 
例句:
  a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.       
   父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
  b. We believe him to be guilty.
   我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
  Find 后可用分词做宾补,或先加形式宾语,再加形容词,最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get,have。
   I found him lying on the ground.
   I found it important to learn.
   I found that to learn English is important.
典型例题:
  The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead. 
  A. lying  B. lie  C. lay  D. laying  
答案:A.find的宾语后面,用分词或分词短语,起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动,也表达正在进行,过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构,作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,  believe, consider,  think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel   find, guess,  judge,  imagine,   know,  prove,     see(理解), show,    suppose,     take(以为),   understand
   We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
   我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
典型例题
   Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer. 
A. to invent B. inventing  C. to have invented  D. having invented 
答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实,不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时,发明为点动词一般不用完成时,且此处也不强调对现在的影响,因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem,     appear,   be said,  be supposed,  be believed, be thought, be known,  be reported, hope, wish,  desire,   want,    plan,  expect,    mean…
 The book is believed to be uninteresting.
 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
 We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 : 有些动词需用as 短语做补语,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
 We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
 Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。

3 不定式主语

1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了
easy, difficult,  hard,  important,  possible,  impossible, comfortable,  necessary,  better;  
the first,  the next,   the last,  the best, too much,  too little,  not enough
 It's so nice to hear your voice.
 听到你的声音真高兴。
 It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
 当你不用车的时候,锁车是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他帮助我们,他真好。
Kind, nice,  stupid, rude,  clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly,  selfish(自私的)
例句:
   It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
   It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西,这显得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系动词如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
   2) 不定式作为句子成分时,动词用单数形式。
   3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时,不能用It is… to…的句型
    (对)To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
    (错)It is to believe to see.

5 不定式作表语

 不定式可放在be动词后面,形成表语。例如:
   My work is to clean the room every day.
   His dream is to be a doctor.

6 不定式作定语

  不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如:
   I have a lot of work to do. 
   So he made some candles to give light.

7 不定式作状语

1)目的状语 
To… only to (仅仅为了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
  He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
  I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
  What have I said to make you angry.
  He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
  I'm glad to see you.
典型例题
 The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___. 
 A. sit  B. sit on  C. be seat  D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式为不及物动词,其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时,常位于"形容词+动词不定式"结构的末尾。

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