介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!

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介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!

介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!
介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!

介绍一下英文诗的常识,要英文的!
(一) 一诗行不一定是一个完整的句字.
英文诗每行的第一个字母都大写,但是一诗行不一定是一个完整的句子,不一定能表达一个完整的意思.有时候,一行诗正好是一句,有时两行甚至许多行才构成一个意思完整的句子.前者叫end-stopped line(结句行),后者叫run-on line.(跨行句).这是英文诗与中国诗的最大区别之一.中国诗歌都是一行表达一个完整的意思.看下面一节诗:
I shot an arrow into the air,
It fell to earth, I knew not where;
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight
Could not follow it in its flight.
前两行是end-stopped line,后两行是run-on line.读跨行句诗,行末停顿较短.
跨行句在英文诗歌中极其普遍,有时十来行才成一完整句子.刚学英文诗的人,对此往往不习惯.对此我们需加注意.
(二) 诗行的长短以音步数目计算:
英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步.六、七、八音步的诗行也有,但不多.最多的是四音步、五音步的诗.
(各种长短诗行的专门术语:一音步诗:monometer 二音步诗:dimeter三音步诗:trimeter四音步诗:tetrameter 五音步诗:pentameter 六音步诗:hexameter 七音步诗:heptameter八音步诗:octameter.)
在分析一首诗的格律时,既要考律此诗的基本音步类型,也要考律此诗中诗行的音步数目.看下面的一首短诗:
An EMPTY HOUSE
Alexander Pope
You beat│your pate, │and fan│cy wit │will come:
Knock as│you please, │there’s no│body│at home.
(你拍拍脑袋,以为灵感马上就来.可任你怎么敲打,也无人把门打开.pate,脑袋. fancy,动词:以为,想象.)
此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格,每行五音步.因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”(iambic pentameter).一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律(meter).
四 压韵(rhyme)
英文诗一般都押运韵.
(一) 全韵与半韵(full rhyme and half rhyme).
全韵是严格的押韵,其要求是:
(1) 韵要押在重读音节上,其元音应相同;
(2) 元音前的辅音应不同;
(3) 如果元音之后有辅音,应相同.
(4) 重读音节之后如有轻读音节,也应相同.
下面几对词都符合全韵的标准:
why---sigh; hate---late; fight---delight; powers---flowers; today---away; ending---bending.
如果仅是元音字母相同,读音不同,不符合全韵:如:
blood----hood; there---here; gone---alone; daughter----laughter.
这种情形被称为“眼韵”(eye rhyme),虽然诗人有时用之,但不是真正的押韵.
仅是辅音相同或仅是元音相同的属半韵:
元音不同,其前后的辅音相同,这叫谐辅韵(consonance)如:black, block; creak, croak; reader, rider; despise, dispose.
元音相同,其后的辅音相同者叫谐元韵(assonance),如lake, fate; time, mind.
(二) 尾韵与行内韵(end rhyme and internal rhyme)
押在诗行最后一个重读音节上,叫尾韵.这是英文诗歌最常见的押韵部位.诗行中间停顿处的重读音节与该行最后一个重读音节押韵者,叫行内韵.如:
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king;
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,
(三) 男韵与女韵((masculine rhyme and feminine rhyme)
所押的韵音局限于诗行中重读的末尾音节上,称男韵,也叫单韵,听起来强劲有力.如:late, fate; hill, fill; enjoy, destroy.
押韵押在两个音节上,后一音节非重读音节,称女韵,也叫双韵,听起来或轻快,或幽婉.如:lighting, fighting; motion, ocean; wining, beginning.
看下面一节诗:
I am coming, little maiden,
With the pleasant sunshine laden;
With the honey for the bee,
With the blossom for the tree.
前两行押女韵,后两行押男韵.
也有不少英文诗是不押韵的,不押韵的诗称无韵诗或白体诗(blank verse).多用在戏剧和叙事诗中.莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的Paradise Lost 都是用blank verse写成的. 押韵的诗叫rhymed verse.无韵诗不同与自由诗.无韵诗虽不押韵,但是有固定节奏,以扬抑格五音步最常见.自由诗节奏不固定,如同白话.
诗选及讲解
A SELECTION OF ENGLISH POETRY
FOR AN OPTIONAL COURSE OF THE UNDERGRADUADTES
William Shakespeare(1564—1616)
作者简介:
剧作家、诗人.一生创作三十七部戏剧,154首十四行诗.其十四行诗大部分是献给一位贵族青年,有二十余篇则是献给一位“黑肤女士”(the dark lady).
1 Sonnet 18
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:
Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimmed;
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,
By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st.
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
注释:
Compare ···to 把什么比做什么.
Thou, thee 第二人称单数代词,前者主格,后者宾格.现已为you 所取代.其所有格是thy,或thine, 即现代英语的your.
Art = are. 16、17世纪时与thou连用.
Temperate: 来自拉丁文temperātus,读时为符合押韵规则,可将重音放后.
Shake:shake off.
Lease 租借期限,此处指夏天的长度.
Hath 与第三人称单数连用,相当于现代英语的has.
Dimmed: clouded.
Fair form fair: beautiful thing from beauty. 前后fair意义不同.Declines from beauty.
Chance:极缘,时运,命运.
And every fair from fair sometimes declines,/By chance, or nature’s changing course, untrimm’d:每一个美人总要失去美貌,即使没有突发的以外事件,也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁.Sometimes: 有的版本作“sometime”: at some unspecified time.
Untrimm’d: untrimmed. 本意为剥去美观的衣服等,此处隐喻夺去美貌等.
Fair thou ow’st: beauty you own. 莎士比亚时代,owe与own通用.古英语第二人称单数后加-st或-est
His shade:shadow of death.
“Nor shall Death brag thou wander’st in his shade”:“死神无从夸口,说你在他的阴影里徘徊”.
To time thou grow’st: you grow as long as time lasts. 与时间同寿. Grow to = be incorporated with.
内容解析:
此诗的发展变化:以人比夏天开始,以人胜自然终结.前四行说明人比夏天更美更温和;中四行发展了这个意思,引到驻颜无术的感慨;第三组则新意突起,推翻前言,终于于胜利的末两行作结.此诗表达了这样一种思想:美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽;文学是人所创造的,因此这有宣告了人的不朽.因此此诗不是一般的爱情诗.
形式解析:
sonnet:十四行诗,即“商籁体”诗.此诗体起源不明,最早的例子出现于13世纪,16世纪在英国出现.主要有意大利式和英国式两种变体.意大利诗人Petrarch [/petra:k]用此诗体最精熟,故意大利式又称Petrarchan sonnet.英国式由莎士比亚创立,又称 Shakespearean sonnet.
意大利式分前八行、后六行.韵尾是abba, abba; cde, dcd..莎士比亚式十四行诗,层次上分前四行,中四行,后四行和结尾两行.韵尾为:abab, cdcd, efef, gg.格律是抑扬格五音步.
Shall I│compare│ thee to │a sum│mer’s day? ( a)
Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)
Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)
And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)
Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)
And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)
And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)
By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)
But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)
Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)
Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)
When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)
So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)
So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee. (g)
参考译文:
能不能让我把你比拟作夏日?
你可是更加温和,更加可爱:
狂风会吹落五月的好花儿,
夏季的生命又未免结束得太快:
有时候苍天的巨眼照得太灼热,
他那金彩的脸色也会被遮暗;
每一样美呀,总会离开美而凋落,
被时机或者自然的代谢所摧残;
但是你永久的夏天决不会凋枯,
你永远不会失去你美的仪态;
死神夸不着你在他影子里踯躅,
你将在不朽的诗中与时间同在;
只要人类在呼吸,眼睛看得见,
我这诗就活着,使你的生命绵延.

Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)
Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)
And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)
Sometimes │too hot│ the eye ...

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Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)
Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)
And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)
Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)
And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)
And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)
By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)
But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)
Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)
Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)
When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)
So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)
So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee

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